42.George Marshall - The Marshall Plan
Mr. President, Dr. Conant, members of the Board of Overseers, Ladies and Gentlemen:
I am profoundly grateful, touched by the great distinction and honor and great compliment
accorded me by the authorities of Harvard this
morning. I am overwhelmed, as a matter of fact, and I am rather fearful of my inability to
maintain such a high rating as you"ve been generous enough to accord to me. In
these historic and lovely surroundings, this perfect day, and this very wonderful assembly, it
is a tremendously impressive thing to an individual in my position.
But to speak more seriously, I need not tell you that the world situation is very serious. That
must be apparent to all intelligent people. I think one difficulty is that the problem is one of
such enormous complexity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by press and
radio make it exceedingly difficult for the man in the street to reach a clear appraisement of
the situation. Furthermore, the people of this country are distant from the troubled areas of
the earth, and it is hard for them to comprehend the plight and consequent reactions of the
longsuffering peoples of Europe and the effect of those reactions on their governments in
connection with our efforts to promote peace in the world.
In considering the requirements for the rehabilitation of Europe, the physical loss of life, the
visible destruction of cities, factories, mines, and railroads was correctly estimated, but
it has become obvious during recent months that this visible destruction was probably less serious
than the dislocation of the entire fabric of European economy. For the past
ten years conditions have been highly abnormal. The feverish preparation for war and the more feverish
maintenance of the war effort engulfed all aspects of national economies. Machinery has fallen
into disrepair or is entirely obsolete.
Under the arbitrary and destructive Nazi rule,
virtually every possible enterprise was geared into the German war machine. Longstanding
commercial ties, private institutions, banks,
insurance companies, and shipping companies disappeared through loss of capital, absorption
through nationalization, or by simple destruction. In many countries, confidence in the local
currency has been severely shaken. The breakdown of the business structure of Europe during
the war was complete. Recovery has been seriously retarded by the fact
that two years after the close of hostilities a peace settlement with Germany and Austria has not been agreed
upon. But even given a more prompt solution of these difficult problems, the rehabilitation of
the economic structure of Europe quite evidently will require a much longer time and greater
effort than had been foreseen.
There is a phase of this matter which is both interesting and serious. The farmer has always
produced the foodstuffs to exchange with the city dweller for the other necessities of life. This
division of labor is the basis of modern civilization. At the present time it is threatened with
breakdown. The town and city industries are not producing adequate goods to exchange with
the foodproducing farmer. Raw materials and fuel are in short supply. Machinery, as I
have said, is lacking or worn out. The farmer or the peasant cannot
find the goods for sale which he desires to purchase.
So the sale of his farm produce for money which he cannot use seems to him an
unprofitable transaction. He, therefore, has withdrawn many fields from crop
cultivation and he"s using them for grazing. He feeds more grain to
stock and finds for himself and his family an ample supply of food, however short
he may be on clothing and the other ordinary gadgets of civilization.
Meanwhile, people in the cities are short of food and fuel, and in some places approaching the
starvation levels. So, the governments are forced to use their foreign
money and credits to procure these necessities abroad. This process exhausts funds which are urgently needed for
reconstruction. Thus, a very serious situation is rapidly developing which bodes no good for
the world. The modern system of the division of labor upon which the exchange of products is
based is in danger of breaking down. The truth of the matter is that
Europe"s requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and
other essential products principally from America are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must
have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character.
The remedy seems to lie in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the
people of Europe in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. The
manufacturer and the farmer throughout wide areas must be able and willing to exchange
their product for currencies, the continuing value of which is not open to question.
Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances
arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the consequences to the
economy of the United States should be apparent to all. It is logical that the United States
should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the
world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is
directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and
chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in
the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which
free institutions can exist.
Such assistance, I am convinced, must not be on a piecemeal basis, as various crises develop.
Any assistance that this Government may render in the future should provide a cure rather
than a mere palliative. Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will
find full cooperation, I am sure, on the part of the United States Government. Any government
which maneuvers to block the recovery of other countries cannot expect help from us.
Furthermore, governments, political parties, or groups which seek to perpetuate human
misery in order to profit there from politically or otherwise will encounter the opposition of the
United States.
It is already evident that before the United States Government can proceed much further in its
efforts to alleviate the situation and help start the European world on its way to recovery,
there must be some agreement among the countries of Europe as to the requirements of the
situation and the part those countries themselves will take in order to give a proper effect
to whatever actions might be undertaken by this Government. It would be neither fitting nor
efficacious for our Government to undertake to draw up unilaterally a program designed to
place Europe on its feet economically. This is the business of the Europeans. The initiative, I
think, must come from Europe. The role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the
drafting of a European program and of later support of such a program so far as it may be
practical for us to do so. The program should be a joint one, agreed to by a number, if not all,
European nations.
An essential part of any successful action on the part of the United States is an
understanding on the part of the people of America of the character of the problem and the remedies to be
applied. Political passion and prejudice should have no part. With foresight, and a willingness
on the part of our people to face up to the vast responsibility which history has clearly placed
upon our country, the difficulties I have outlined can and will be overcome.
I am sorry that on each occasion I have said something publicly in regard to our international
situation, I have been forced by the necessities of the case to enter into rather technical
discussions. But, to my mind, it is of vast importance that our people reach
some general understanding of what the complications really are, rather than react from a passion or a
prejudice or an emotion of the moment.
As I said more formally a moment ago, we are remote from the scene of these troubles. It is virtually impossible at
this distance merely by reading, or listening, or even seeing
photographs and motion pictures, to grasp at all the real significance of the situation. And yet
the whole world of the future hangs on a proper judgment. It hangs, I think, to a large extent
on the realization of the American people, of just what are the various dominant factors. What
are the reactions of the people? What are the justifications of those reactions? What are the
sufferings? What is needed? What can best be done? What must be done?
Thank you very much.
